The interpretation of genes works in the following way. Gene expression, which transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product, ultimately dictates the structure and function of a cell by determining which proteins are made. Each particular gene provides the code necessary to construct a particular protein. A gene is a functional segment of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein. Just as the cell’s genome describes its full complement of DNA, a cell’s proteome is its full complement of proteins. Whatever the cellular process may be, it is almost sure to involve proteins. Some of these critical biochemical reactions include building larger molecules from smaller components (such as what occurs during DNA replication or synthesis of microtubules) and breaking down larger molecules into smaller components (such as when harvesting chemical energy from nutrient molecules). One of the most important classes of proteins is enzymes, which help speed up necessary biochemical reactions that take place inside the cell. Most structural components of the cell are made up, at least in part, by proteins and virtually all the functions that a cell carries out are completed with the help of proteins. This refers to the fact that DNA contains the information necessary for the cell to build one very important type of molecule: the protein. It was mentioned earlier that DNA provides a “blueprint” for the cell structure and physiology. Explain how the genetic code within DNA determines the proteins formed.Explain the process by which a cell builds proteins using the DNA codeīy the end of this section, you will be able to:. These important proteins help determine which genes are active in each cell of your body. Proteins called transcription factors, however, play a particularly central role in regulating transcription. For instance, how tightly the DNA of the gene is wound around its supporting proteins to form chromatin can affect a gene’s availability for transcription. Various factors control how much a gene is transcribed. In general (but not always) the more often a gene is transcribed, the more protein that will be made. If a gene does get transcribed, it is likely going to be used to make a protein (i.e. Not all the genes in your body are turned on at the same time or in the same cells or parts of the body.įor many genes, transcription is the key on/off control point: if a gene is not transcribed in a cell, it can’t be used to make a protein in that cell. Gene expression is when a gene in DNA is “turned on,” that is, used to make the protein it specifies. There are many steps along the way of protein synthesis and gene expression is regulated. Basically, there are proteins that have to bind to the DNA, and each other, before the polymerase can begin transcription. The overview above depicted components of transcription regulation. Transcription is happening throughout your body all of the time, but not every gene is constantly being transcribed in every cell it is regulated by different proteins and depends on which proteins your body needs in which cells. By “regulation”, we mean that certain proteins are needed for transcription to start and some proteins can even prevent transcription from happening. At the beginning of the following video, you will see that transcription is regulated by a variety of proteins. Let’s first look at a basic overview of what the process of transcription looks like. The Process of Transcription: A First Look Transcription is the process of creating an mRNA sequence by “reading” the DNA sequence. Please see the previous chapter for a general overview of transcription and DNA and RNA bases before continuing to read this chapter. This chapter focuses on how transcription works that is, how information coded in the DNA molecule is read to create an mRNA sequence. Explain which gene-expression regulatory factors are at play for transcription.Recognize that protein synthesis regulation (i.e., changes in gene expression) allow cells to respond to changes in the environment.Describe the role of polymerase in transcription.Explain how DNA is transcribed to create an mRNA sequence.Explain the processes necessary for transcription to begin.
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